By Amina Dibe and Andrew Pariser
RESCON
With 1.4 million people in Canada working in construction, we would be naïve if we thought the use of recreational cannabis was a new issue for the industry. It isn’t. Among health and safety professionals, impairment always has been the top concern for construction sites across Canada, and that has come into sharp focus with the legalization of recreational cannabis.
As outlined by the Senate review, Canada is now the only country in the G7 to legalize recreational use of cannabis. That means it will have to take a unique approach to regulation and enforcement at the federal, provincial and municipal levels.
Legislative Overview
So, how did we get to this point?
Bill Bogart, a law professor with the University of Windsor and author of the 2016 book, Off The Street: Legalizing Drugs, says that the move to legalization stems from the general disillusionment with North America’s war on drugs, more acceptance over the right to accessing cannabis for medical purposes and evolving public opinion.
The real turning point was the election of the federal Liberal government in 2015, which ran on a platform that included the legalization of recreational cannabis. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau assigned the leadership of a task force, headed by former Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan, to develop a framework. The federal government introduced legislation largely based on the task force’s 80 recommendations in April 2017, and it was eventually passed by the House of Commons the following November. The Senate passed Bill C-45 in June, making Canada the first G7 country to legalize cannabis (although nine states, including California, Massachusetts, Washington and Colorado have legalized it), and the launch date was set for October 17.
While the federal government will oversee production, quality assurance and some enforcement issues through the RCMP, the provinces and territories are focused on retail sales, with most aspects of taxation and enforcement of the regulatory scheme by provincial and municipal police.
Cannabis will fit in as one of the legal vices with alcohol, tobacco, junk food and gambling for controlled consumption with the key words being “permit but discourage,” Bogart says. And, like tobacco, there will be restrictions on advertising and promotion of cannabis and related merchandise.
Campaigns have already begun to discourage driving impaired from cannabis use. With Canada having the highest rates of deaths attributable to impaired driving among wealthy countries, driving a vehicle — or operating heavy equipment — will be a huge concern for construction sites across the country. A recent Health Canada poll proclaimed 50 per cent of those who use cannabis think cannabis use does not impair driving. This is worrying and underlines the need for a fulsome and robust public education campaign.
There are myths and misconceptions related to the impacts of cannabis and how it will be regulated. All levels of government have a duty to ensure the safety of the public and all employers have a duty to ensure the safety of workers. This means education needs to be everyone’s priority and a first step should be the adoption of best practices from leading jurisdictions, including Washington and Colorado.
Impacts on Construction Sites
In construction, safety is everyone’s number one concern. Safe workers are happier, healthier, more productive and provide a higher quality of work. Impaired workers, regardless of the cause, are a hazard to themselves, other workers and the public. Not surprisingly, they are also more likely to be involved in an accident. Now that recreational cannabis has become legal, the obligations placed on employers seem endless. A survey by the Human Resource Professionals Association found that 71 per cent of employers were not prepared for the legalization of cannabis. A difficult balance must be struck between respecting an individual’s human rights and enforcing onsite mechanisms to ensure workers go home safely every night.
A major theme that has emerged is uncertainty. Uncertainty from the public as to what the rules and regulations will be, uncertainty for safety professionals as we continue to wait for final legislative and regulatory details, and uncertainty on how it could impair workers.
Specifically, impairment is impacted by an almost endless list of factors including potency (amount of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC), quantity and method of consumption (inhalation vs. edibles).
Cannabis already is being used by some people for medicinal purposes. However, these numbers will be dwarfed by recreational users, who will consume in an environment with less regulation and certainty.
Legalized cannabis use is simply the tip of the iceberg. To understand the future, we need to look at other jurisdictions where it has been legalized as well as other goods. We live in a consumer world where customization is the rule not the exception. In cannabis, with more than 100 chemical compounds called cannabinoids, the legalized market will see an innovative product that encourages customization — there is a multitude of strains which can create various levels of potency and impairment and, ultimately, a variety of products.
Employer Policy
In some ways, life will not change for employers after legalization. Employers have always had the duty and responsibility to keep workers safe. However, it does increase the potential for impairment and this means employers need to update their policies, education for employees and stay educated themselves as more information becomes available.
All employers in construction should have policies to guide and inform employees on what is and isn’t acceptable. Employers — if they haven’t already done so — need to update their drug or impairment policy. As outlined previously, impairment is impairment is impairment — the goal of all employers is to ensure workers are free from impairment.
One way to ensure a drug policy reflects this is by focusing on impairment and not specific causes. A broad policy, which encompasses employer-specific factors, is a prudent step forward. Industry, or sector-wide (a.k.a. blanket) policies should be avoided as health and safety obligations are unique for every construction site.
The Future
Despite cannabis’ historic presence in Canada, widely accepted academic studies and scientific information are lacking because cannabis has been an illicit substance. This means a flood of information will come after legalization. Employers and employer associations must stay vigilant and ensure leading studies on impairment, measurements and impacts are quickly put into practice.
While there are concerns — and there inevitably will be bumps along the way — Bogart expects the post-legalization era will be similar for cannabis as it was for gambling in the 1960s. “The path was not easy or straightforward but it was eventually cleared. With patience and lots of debate and discussion, much the same description will come to be applied to the legalization and regulation of cannabis.”
Work safe!
This article was based on the findings and discussions that took place as part of two symposiums on the impending legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada. RESCON joined forces with the Ontario Residential Council of Construction Associations and the Ontario General Contractors Association to put on the symposiums on cannabis in construction for construction leaders in the Greater Toronto Area. The article first appeared in ReNew Canada magazine, September/October 2018, https://www.renewcanada.net/
Andrew Pariser is the vice-president of RESCON and chair of the RESCON health and safety committee. Amina Dibe is a programs and policy analyst at RESCON. http://rescon.com/
